Scientific and everyday psychology: basic concepts, differences between them. 3(9 –19), 6(208 – 215), 8

The problem of assimilation of human real-psychological experience 6(208 – 215), 8.

The place of psychology in the system of human sciences.

Branches of modern psychology. 1, 2, 3.

Psychology as a science of the soul: ancient ideas about the relationship between soul and body. 2(20 – 25), 3(22 – 29), 5(dialogue 2), 4(57 – 63), 7(30 – 52).

Psychology as a science of consciousness: introspective psychology. 9, 5

Psychology as a science of behavior: behaviorism. 9, 5

Gestalt psychology and psychoanalysis. 9, 5

Domestic psychology. 9, 5

Literature

Any textbooks on psychology.

Gippenreiter Yu. B. Introduction to general psychology. – M., 1988

Gippenreiter Yu. B. Introduction to general psychology. – M., 1996

Godefroy J. What is psychology. – M., 1992.

Sokolova E.E. Thirteen dialogues about psychology.

– M, 1995.

Allport G. Personality: a problem of science or art? / Psychology of Personality. Texts.

– M, 1982.

Yaroshevsky M.G., Antsyferova L.I. Development and current state of foreign psychology. – M., 1980.

Slobodchikov V.I., Isaev E.I. Human psychology. – M., 1995.

Zhdan A.N. History of psychology. – M., 1990.

Development of the psyche in phylogenesis. Consciousness as the highest stage of mental reflection

Stages of mental development: elementary sensory, perceptual stage of mental development, animal intelligence. 1(45-53), 2(209-230-239), 3(3-10).

Group forms of behavior and communication processes in animals. 4(79-81), 5(59-81), 6, 5

Basic patterns of development of the animal psyche. 4(63-68),2(251-261), 7.10

Social behavior of animals. 8, 9, 10, 19 (223-245)

Domestic psychology. 9, 5

Prerequisites for the emergence of consciousness. 12(68-), 18, 11

Leontyev A.N. Problems of mental development. – M., 1981.

General psychology / Ed. V.V. Bogoslovsky.

– M, 1981.

General psychology / Ed. A.V. Petrovsky.

– M., 1986

Tinbergen N. Animal behavior. – M., 1985.

Fabry K.E. Fundamentals of zoopsychology. – M., 1993

Rubinshtein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology; in 2 vols. – M., 1989. vol.1. pp.146-155.

Krushinsky L.V. Biological foundations of rational activity. – M., 1977. p.9-12, 27-59, 140-144, 244-246.

Tinbergen N. Social behavior of animals. – M., 1995.

Fabry K.E. Instrumental actions of animals. // Series “Biology”, No. 4, 1980.

Gippentater Yu.B. Introduction to general psychology. – M., 1998.

Platonov K.K. Structure and development of personality. – M., 1988.

Steinmets A.E. A manual for independent work in general psychology. - Smolensk. 1986. Problems No. 12, 15-18.

Uznadze D.N. Attitude theory. - M-Voronezh. 1997.

Freud Z. Psychopathology of everyday life // Psychology of the unconscious. – M., 1989.

Leontyev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality.

– M., 1977.

Bassin F.V. the problem of the unconscious (about unconscious forms of higher nervous activity). – M., 1968.

Sokolova E.E. Thirteen dialogues about psychology.

– M., 1995.

Z.A.Zorina, I.I.Poletaeva Animal psychology. Elementary thinking of animals. – M., 2001. – 320 p., p.

Formation of cognitive structures

J. Piaget considered human thinking as a specific form of biological adaptation, in which a complex organism adapts to an equally complex environment. People constantly interact with the world around them, react to new experiences by structuring and forming new organizational structures. Adaptation occurs through two complementary processes: assimilation and accommodation.

Assimilation is “such an interaction with the environment in which the organism, through incorporation, adapts it to its own structures.” New objects or representations are interpreted on the basis of and taking into account previously acquired representations and concepts. For example, a five-year-old girl was familiar only with “prototypical” birds (sparrows, tits, crows, starlings, etc.). Therefore, in her mind, a bird is something living, flying, with wings, a tail and a beak. At the zoo, she meets an ostrich for the first time and assimilates its image, including the ostrich in the category of birds. Naturally, she may be somewhat puzzled by the size of the ostrich and the fact that it does not fly. Her uncertainty about whether the ostrich is a bird will lead her to what J. Piaget called disequilibrium.

An additional process in relation to assimilation, according to J. Piaget, is accommodation. This happens when the characteristics of the environment do not fit into a person’s existing ideas. Thanks to accommodation, in response to changes in environmental conditions, ideas also change. For example, through accommodation, a five-year-old girl, having received information about an ostrich that is new to her, can change her idea of ​​birds, for example, she may decide that not all birds fly. She may also form a new concept of “ostrich”, different from the previously formed concept of “birds”. As a result of accommodation, this girl will temporarily be in a state of equilibrium, or cognitive balance. Her experience and ideas will be quite consistent with each other.

J. Piaget suggested that any person, like any organism, strives for balance. When a person is faced with an unfamiliar situation, cognitive balance is disrupted. To restore it, the processes of assimilation and accommodation are activated. Establishing equilibrium is called equilibration.

According to J. Piaget, assimilation and accommodation almost always accompany each other. First, a person tries to comprehend a new experience using existing ideas and solutions (assimilation). If this fails, he is forced to make changes to his own ideas (accommodation).

Any adaptive behavior contains elements of assimilation and accommodation, but their ratio always depends on the specific form of activity. An example of almost entirely assimilative behavior is the fantasy games of young children. Depending on the plot of the game, a sofa in this situation can become a ship or an airplane, a composition of chairs can become a house or a fence. On the contrary, imitation is essentially accommodation; children adapt their actions to the actions of their chosen role models.

Over time, disequilibrium occurs less and less often. The repertoire of concepts and structures is enriched, and a person no longer has to deal with completely new situations so often. An adult is unlikely to encounter an object that does not fit into one of the categories known to him. And in this case, to achieve cognitive balance, he will only need to make minor changes to existing categories. However, the processes of assimilation and adaptation accompany our entire lives, since the world is dynamic and we have to constantly adapt to changing circumstances.

• Donaldson M. Children's minds. Glasgow, 1978. R. 140.

Assimilation

According to J. Piaget, it is a mechanism that ensures the use of previously acquired skills and abilities in new conditions without significantly changing them: through it, a new object or situation is combined with a set of objects or another situation for which a scheme already exists.

Dictionary of a practical psychologist. - M.: AST, Harvest. S. Yu. Golovin. 1998.

Assimilation Etymology.

Comes from Lat. assimilatio - fusion, likening, assimilation.

Theoretical construct of the operational concept of intelligence by J. Piaget.

Assimilation of material through its inclusion in already existing patterns of behavior. It is carried out by analogy with biological assimilation.

In the act of adaptation, assimilation is closely related to accommodation. In the early stages of a child’s development, the encounter of a new object with an existing schema leads to a distortion of the properties of the object and to a change in the schema itself, while the thought is irreversible.

When a balance is established between assimilation and accommodation, a reversibility of thought occurs and a change from an egocentric position to a relative one. Psychological Dictionary

. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.

ASSIMILATION (from lat. assimilatio - fusion, assimilation, assimilation) - in the concept of intelligence development.AND Piaget - attribute , aspect adaptation . The content of A. is the assimilation of certain material by already existing patterns of behavior, “pulling” a real event to the cognitive structures of the individual. According to Piaget, cognitive A. is not fundamentally different from biological. A. inseparable from accommodation in any act of adaptation, adaptation. In the early stages of development, any mental operation represents a compromise between 2 tendencies: A. and accommodation. A. Piaget calls the primary “deforming”, because when a new object meets an existing scheme, its features are distorted, and the scheme changes as a result of accommodation. The antagonism of A. and accommodation gives rise to irreversibility of thought . When A. and accommodation begin to complement each other, the child’s thinking changes. The transition to objectivity, reciprocity, and relationality is based on the progressive interaction of A. and accommodation. When harmony is established between 2 tendencies, reversibility of thought , exemption from egocentrism

. Any logical contradiction, according to Piaget, is the result of a genetically existing conflict between accommodation and A., and such a situation is biologically inevitable. (E.V. Filippova.). Large psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. 2003 .

Assimilation

Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko

A term used by Jean Piaget in his theory of intellectual development. It denotes a child's interpretation of the world around him in the context of the existing concept. For example, a baby calling every man "Daddy" demonstrates the belief that all men are daddies. His interpretation of the social structure of the adult world is based on this premise. Together with the process of accommodation, assimilation helps the child adapt to the world around him. Psychology. AND I. Dictionary reference / Transl. from English K. S. Tkachenko. - M.: FAIR PRESS

Synonyms

. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.- (Latin assimilatio, from assimilare to liken). Equation, likening, for example, in phonetics, likening neighboring sounds to one another; in physiology, the likening of substances absorbed by an animal to the substances of one’s own body. Dictionary of foreign words,... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.- (from Latin ad to and similis similar), such processing of substances entering a plant or animal organism from outside, as a result of which the latter become an integral part of the body’s cells. A. proteins with chemical. side the most mysterious stage... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.- (from Latin assimilatio), 1) assimilation, merging (for example, assimilation of sounds, assimilation of peoples); assimilation. 2) (Biological) absorption of nutrients by living organisms, their transformation as a result of biochemical reactions into... ... Modern encyclopedia

. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.- (from Latin assimilatio) ..1) assimilation, merging, assimilation2)] In ethnography, the merging of one people with another with the loss of one of them of its language, culture, national identity. There is a distinction between natural assimilation that occurs upon contact... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.- ASSIMILATION, assimilation, women. (lat. assimilatio) (book). Action under Ch. assimilate and assimilate. Assimilation of sounds (likening one sound to another in a word; ling.). Assimilation of nationalities. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Assimilation- (Lat. assimilatio sіңіsu, ұқсасу, ңдеSu) үлкень енікалік заня ком зәне саяси мәденьіеі мәлеуметік жaғдaйы tomen khalyktyn ozіnің ulttyk bolmysynan aiyryly p, bassy khalyk arasynda sinip ketui kubylysy. Philosophy of ethnostardyn, halyktardyn... Philosophy terminerdin sozdigi

Assimilation- (from the Latin assimilatio fusion, assimilation, assimilation) a construct of the operational concept of intelligence by J. Piaget, expressing the assimilation of material due to its inclusion in already existing patterns of behavior. It is carried out by analogy with biological... When a balance is established between assimilation and accommodation, a reversibility of thought occurs and a change from an egocentric position to a relative one.

Assimilation- in geology, the process of complete assimilation and melting of foreign material (side sections, etc.) in intruded magma, without preserving relics of the material frame of the absorbed sections, with the formation of hybrid magma,... ... Geological encyclopedia

. THEM. Kondakov. 2000.- a process that results in members of the same ethnicity. groups lose their originally existing culture and adopt the culture of another ethnic group. groups with which they are in close proximity. contact. This process can occur... ... Encyclopedia of Cultural Studies

assimilation- melting, merging, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation, assimilation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. assimilation noun, number of synonyms: 7 assimilation (4) ... Synonym dictionary

Books

• Assimilation of borrowings from the French language in Middle English dialects, Bagan J.. The monograph is devoted to the study of the influence of the French language on Middle English dialects. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 contributed to the creation of a complex linguistic situation. IN…