Definite integral. How to calculate the area of a figure

Let's move on to consider applications of integral calculus. In this lesson we will analyze the typical and most common task – how to use a definite integral to calculate the area of a plane figure. Finally, those who are looking for meaning in higher mathematics - may they find it. You never know. In real life, you will have to approximate a dacha plot using elementary functions and find its area using a definite integral.

To successfully master the material, you must:

1) Understand the indefinite integral at least at an intermediate level. Thus, dummies should first read the lesson Not.

2) Be able to apply the Newton-Leibniz formula and calculate the definite integral. You can establish warm friendly relations with certain integrals on the page Definite integral. Examples of solutions.

In fact, in order to find the area of a figure, you don’t need that much knowledge of the indefinite and definite integral. The task “calculate the area using a definite integral” always involves constructing a drawing, so your knowledge and drawing skills will be a much more pressing issue. In this regard, it is useful to refresh your memory of the graphs of basic elementary functions, and, at a minimum, be able to construct a straight line, parabola and hyperbola. This can be done (for many, it is necessary) with the help of methodological material and an article on geometric transformations of graphs.

Actually, everyone has been familiar with the task of finding the area using a definite integral since school, and we will not go much further than the school curriculum. This article might not have existed at all, but the fact is that the problem occurs in 99 cases out of 100, when a student suffers from a hated school and enthusiastically masters a course in higher mathematics.

The materials of this workshop are presented simply, in detail and with a minimum of theory.

Let's start with a curved trapezoid.

Curvilinear trapezoid is a flat figure bounded by an axis, straight lines, and the graph of a function continuous on an interval that does not change sign on this interval. Let this figure be located not less x-axis:

Then the area of a curvilinear trapezoid is numerically equal to a definite integral. Any definite integral (that exists) has a very good geometric meaning. At the lesson Definite integral. Examples of solutions I said that a definite integral is a number. And now it’s time to state another useful fact. From the point of view of geometry, the definite integral is AREA.

That is, the definite integral (if it exists) geometrically corresponds to the area of a certain figure. For example, consider the definite integral. The integrand defines a curve on the plane located above the axis (those who wish can make a drawing), and the definite integral itself is numerically equal to the area of the corresponding curvilinear trapezoid.

Example 1

This is a typical assignment statement. The first and most important point in the decision is the construction of a drawing. Moreover, the drawing must be constructed RIGHT.

When constructing a drawing, I recommend the following order: at first it is better to construct all straight lines (if they exist) and only Then– parabolas, hyperbolas, graphs of other functions. It is more profitable to build graphs of functions point by point, the point-by-point construction technique can be found in the reference material Graphs and properties of elementary functions. There you can also find very useful material for our lesson - how to quickly build a parabola.

In this problem, the solution might look like this.
Let's complete the drawing (note that the equation defines the axis):

I will not shade the curved trapezoid; it is obvious here what area we are talking about. The solution continues like this:

On the segment, the graph of the function is located above the axis, That's why:

Answer:

Who has difficulties with calculating the definite integral and applying the Newton-Leibniz formula , refer to the lecture Definite integral. Examples of solutions.

After the task is completed, it is always useful to look at the drawing and figure out whether the answer is real. In this case, we count the number of cells in the drawing “by eye” - well, there will be about 9, it seems to be true. It is absolutely clear that if we got, say, the answer: 20 square units, then it is obvious that a mistake was made somewhere - 20 cells obviously do not fit into the figure in question, at most a dozen. If the answer is negative, then the task was also solved incorrectly.

Example 2

Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines , , and axis

This is an example for you to solve on your own. Full solution and answer at the end of the lesson.

What to do if the curved trapezoid is located under the axle?

Example 3

Calculate the area of the figure bounded by lines and coordinate axes.

Solution: Let's make a drawing:

If a curved trapezoid is located under the axle(or at least not higher given axis), then its area can be found using the formula:
In this case:

Attention! The two types of tasks should not be confused:

1) If you are asked to solve simply a definite integral without any geometric meaning, then it may be negative.

2) If you are asked to find the area of a figure using a definite integral, then the area is always positive! That is why the minus appears in the formula just discussed.

In practice, most often the figure is located in both the upper and lower half-plane, and therefore, from the simplest school problems we move on to more meaningful examples.

Example 4

Find the area of a plane figure bounded by lines , .

Solution: First you need to complete the drawing. Generally speaking, when constructing a drawing in area problems, we are most interested in the points of intersection of lines. Let's find the intersection points of the parabola and the straight line. This can be done in two ways. The first method is analytical. We solve the equation:

This means that the lower limit of integration is , the upper limit of integration is .
If possible, it is better not to use this method..

It is much more profitable and faster to construct lines point by point, and the limits of integration become clear “by themselves.” The point-by-point construction technique for various graphs is discussed in detail in the help Graphs and properties of elementary functions. Nevertheless, the analytical method of finding limits still sometimes has to be used if, for example, the graph is large enough, or the detailed construction did not reveal the limits of integration (they can be fractional or irrational). And we will also consider such an example.

Let's return to our task: it is more rational to first construct a straight line and only then a parabola. Let's make the drawing:

I repeat that when constructing pointwise, the limits of integration are most often found out “automatically”.

And now the working formula: If there is some continuous function on the segment greater than or equal to some continuous function , then the area of the figure bounded by the graphs of these functions and the lines , , can be found using the formula:

Here you no longer need to think about where the figure is located - above the axis or below the axis, and, roughly speaking, it matters which graph is HIGHER(relative to another graph), and which one is BELOW.

In the example under consideration, it is obvious that on the segment the parabola is located above the straight line, and therefore it is necessary to subtract from

The completed solution might look like this:

The desired figure is limited by a parabola above and a straight line below.
On the segment, according to the corresponding formula:

Answer:

In fact, the school formula for the area of a curvilinear trapezoid in the lower half-plane (see simple example No. 3) is a special case of the formula . Since the axis is specified by the equation, and the graph of the function is located not higher axes, then

And now a couple of examples for your own solution

Example 5

Example 6

Find the area of the figure bounded by the lines , .

When solving problems involving calculating area using a definite integral, a funny incident sometimes happens. The drawing was done correctly, the calculations were correct, but due to carelessness... the area of the wrong figure was found, this is exactly how your humble servant screwed up several times. Here is a real life case:

Example 7

Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines , , , .

Solution: First, let's make a drawing:

...Eh, the drawing came out crap, but everything seems to be legible.

The figure whose area we need to find is shaded blue(look carefully at the condition - how the figure is limited!). But in practice, due to inattention, a “glitch” often occurs that you need to find the area of a figure that is shaded in green!

This example is also useful in that it calculates the area of a figure using two definite integrals. Really:

1) On the segment above the axis there is a graph of a straight line;

2) On the segment above the axis there is a graph of a hyperbola.

It is quite obvious that the areas can (and should) be added, therefore:

Answer:

Let's move on to another meaningful task.

Example 8

Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines,
Let’s present the equations in “school” form and make a point-by-point drawing:

From the drawing it is clear that our upper limit is “good”: .
But what is the lower limit?! It is clear that this is not an integer, but what is it? May be ? But where is the guarantee that the drawing is made with perfect accuracy, it may well turn out that... Or the root. What if we built the graph incorrectly?

In such cases, you have to spend additional time and clarify the limits of integration analytically.

Let's find the intersection points of a straight line and a parabola.
To do this, we solve the equation:

,

Really, .

The further solution is trivial, the main thing is not to get confused in substitutions and signs; the calculations here are not the simplest.

On the segment , according to the corresponding formula:

Answer:

Well, to conclude the lesson, let’s look at two more difficult tasks.

Example 9

Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines , ,

Solution: Let's depict this figure in the drawing.

Damn, I forgot to sign the schedule, and, sorry, I didn’t want to redo the picture. Not a drawing day, in short, today is the day =)

For point-by-point construction, it is necessary to know the appearance of a sinusoid (and in general it is useful to know graphs of all elementary functions), as well as some sine values, they can be found in trigonometric table. In some cases (as in this case), it is possible to construct a schematic drawing, on which the graphs and limits of integration should be fundamentally correctly displayed.

There are no problems with the limits of integration here; they follow directly from the condition: - “x” changes from zero to “pi”. Let's make a further decision:

On the segment, the graph of the function is located above the axis, therefore:

Any definite integral (that exists) has a very good geometric meaning. In class I said that a definite integral is a number. And now it’s time to state another useful fact. From the point of view of geometry, the definite integral is AREA.

That is, the definite integral (if it exists) geometrically corresponds to the area of a certain figure. For example, consider the definite integral. The integrand defines a certain curve on the plane (it can always be drawn if desired), and the definite integral itself is numerically equal to the area of the corresponding curvilinear trapezoid.

Example 1

This is a typical assignment statement. The first and most important point in the decision is the construction of a drawing. Moreover, the drawing must be constructed RIGHT.

There you can also find very useful material for our lesson - how to quickly build a parabola.

In this problem, the solution might look like this.
Let's complete the drawing (note that the equation defines the axis):

I will not shade the curved trapezoid; it is obvious here what area we are talking about. The solution continues like this:

On the segment, the graph of the function is located above the axis, That's why:

Answer:

Who has difficulties with calculating the definite integral and applying the Newton-Leibniz formula , refer to the lecture Definite integral. Examples of solutions.

Example 2

Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines , , and axis

This is an example for you to solve on your own. Full solution and answer at the end of the lesson.

What to do if the curved trapezoid is located under the axle?

Example 3

Calculate the area of the figure bounded by lines and coordinate axes.

Solution: Let's make a drawing:

If a curved trapezoid completely located under the axis, then its area can be found using the formula:
In this case:

Attention! The two types of tasks should not be confused:

1) If you are asked to solve simply a definite integral without any geometric meaning, then it may be negative.

2) If you are asked to find the area of a figure using a definite integral, then the area is always positive! That is why the minus appears in the formula just discussed.

In practice, most often the figure is located in both the upper and lower half-plane, and therefore, from the simplest school problems we move on to more meaningful examples.

Example 4

Find the area of a plane figure bounded by lines , .

Solution: First you need to make a drawing. Generally speaking, when constructing a drawing in area problems, we are most interested in the points of intersection of lines. Let's find the intersection points of the parabola and the straight line. This can be done in two ways. The first method is analytical. We solve the equation:

This means that the lower limit of integration is , the upper limit of integration is .
It is better not to use this method, if possible.

And now the working formula: If on a segment there is some continuous function greater than or equal to some continuous function, then the area of the corresponding figure can be found using the formula:

In the example under consideration, it is obvious that on the segment the parabola is located above the straight line, and therefore it is necessary to subtract from

The completed solution might look like this:

The desired figure is limited by a parabola above and a straight line below.
On the segment, according to the corresponding formula:

Answer:

In fact, the school formula for the area of a curvilinear trapezoid in the lower half-plane (see simple example No. 3) is a special case of the formula . Since the axis is specified by the equation and the graph of the function is located below the axis, then

And now a couple of examples for your own solution

Example 5

Example 6

Find the area of the figure bounded by the lines , .

Example 7

Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines , , , .

First let's make a drawing:

The figure whose area we need to find is shaded blue(look carefully at the condition - how the figure is limited!). But in practice, due to inattention, it often arises that you need to find the area of a figure that is shaded in green!

This example is also useful because it calculates the area of a figure using two definite integrals. Really:

1) On the segment above the axis there is a graph of a straight line;

2) On the segment above the axis there is a graph of a hyperbola.

It is quite obvious that the areas can (and should) be added, therefore:

Answer:

Example 8

In such cases, you have to spend additional time and clarify the limits of integration analytically.

Let's find the intersection points of a straight line and a parabola.
To do this, we solve the equation:

Hence, .

The further solution is trivial, the main thing is not to get confused in substitutions and signs; the calculations here are not the simplest.

On the segment , according to the corresponding formula:

Answer:

Well, to conclude the lesson, let’s look at two more difficult tasks.

Example 9

Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines , ,

Solution: Let's depict this figure in the drawing.

To construct a point-by-point drawing, you need to know the appearance of a sinusoid (and in general it’s useful to know graphs of all elementary functions), as well as some sine values, they can be found in trigonometric table. In some cases (as in this case), it is possible to construct a schematic drawing, on which the graphs and limits of integration should be fundamentally correctly displayed.

There are no problems with the limits of integration here; they follow directly from the condition: - “x” changes from zero to “pi”. Let's make a further decision:

On the segment, the graph of the function is located above the axis, therefore:

(1) You can see how sines and cosines are integrated in odd powers in the lesson Integrals of trigonometric functions. This is a typical technique, we pinch off one sinus.

(2) We use the main trigonometric identity in the form

(3) Let’s change the variable , then:

New areas of integration:

Anyone who is really bad with substitutions, please take a lesson. Substitution method in indefinite integral. For those who do not quite understand the replacement algorithm in a definite integral, visit the page Definite integral. Examples of solutions.

No.___ Date________

Subject:Curvilinear trapezoid and its area b

Lesson Objectives: Define a curved trapezoid and its area, learn to calculate the area of a curved trapezoid.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Organizational moment.

Greeting students, checking the class's readiness for the lesson, organizing students' attention, revealing the general goals of the lesson and its plan.

2. Homework checking stage.

Objectives: To establish the correctness, completeness and awareness of the performance of homework by all students, to identify gaps in students’ knowledge and methods of activity. Determine the causes of difficulties and eliminate any gaps found.

3. Update stage.

Objectives: ensuring the motivation of schoolchildren’s learning, inclusion in joint activities to determine the goals of the lesson. Update the subjective experience of students.

Let's remember the basic concepts and formulas.

Definition. Function y=f(x), x (a,b), is called the antiderivative of the function y=f(x), x (a,b), if for everyone x (a,b) equality holds

F (x)=f(x).

Comment. If f(x) there is an antiderivative for the function f(x), then for any constant WITH, F(x)+C is also an antiderivative for f(x).

The problem of finding all antiderivatives of a function f(x) is called integration, and the set of all antiderivatives is called the indefinite integral for the function f(x) By dx and is designated

The following properties take place:

1 . ;

2 . If C= Const, then
;

3 .
.

Comment. In school mathematics courses, the term “indefinite integral” is not used; instead, they say “the set of all antiderivatives.”

Here is a table of indefinite integrals.

Example 1. Find an antiderivative for a function
, passing through the point M(2;4).

Solution. The set of all antiderivatives of a function
there is an indefinite integral
. Let's calculate it using the properties of the integral 1 and 2. We have:

We found that the set of all antiderivatives is given by a family of functions y=F(x)+C, that is y=x 3 – 2x+C, Where WITH– arbitrary constant.

Knowing that the antiderivative passes through the point M(2;4), substitute its coordinates into the previous expression and find WITH.

4=2 3 –2 2+WITH  WITH=4–8+4; WITH=0.

Answer: F(x)=x 3 - 2x- the desired antiderivative.

4. Formation of new concepts and methods of action.

Objectives: To ensure that students perceive, comprehend and remember the material being studied. Ensure that students master the methods of reproducing the studied material, promote philosophical understanding of the concepts, laws, rules, and formulas being acquired. To establish the correctness and awareness of the studied material by students, to identify gaps in primary comprehension, and to carry out corrections. Ensure that students correlate their subjective experience with signs of scientific knowledge.

Finding the areas of plane figures

The problem of finding the area of a plane figure is closely related to the problem of finding antiderivatives (integration). Namely: the area of a curvilinear trapezoid limited by the graph of a functiony=f(x) (f(x)> 0) straightx=a; x=b; y= 0, equal to the difference between the values of the antiderivative for the functiony=f(x) at pointsb Anda :

S=F(b)–F(a)

Let us give the definition of a definite integral.

ABOUT
determination. Let the function y=f(x) defined and integrable on the interval [ a,b] let it go F(x)- some of its prototypes. Then the number F(b)–F(a) called the integral of A before b functions f(x) and is designated

Equality
called the Newton–Leibniz formula.

This formula connects the problem of finding the area of a plane figure with an integral.

In general, if the figure is limited by function graphs y=f(x);y=g(x) (f(x)>g(x)) and straight x=a;x=b, then its area is equal to:

Example 2. At what point in the graph of the function y=x 2 + 1 you need to draw a tangent so that it cuts off from the figure formed by the graph of this function and straight lines y= 0, x= 0, x= 1 trapezoid with the largest area?

Solution. Let M 0 (x 0 ,y 0 ) – point of the function graph y=x 2 + 1, in which the required tangent is drawn.

Let's find the tangent equation y=y 0 +f (x 0 )(x–x 0 ) .

We have:

That's why

.

Find the area of the trapezoid OABC.

B– point of intersection of the tangent with the straight line x= 1 

The task was reduced to finding the largest value of the function

S(x)=–x 2 +x+ 1 on the segment. We'll find S (x)=– 2x+ 1. Find the critical point from the condition S (x)= 0  x=.

We see that the function reaches its greatest value at x=. We'll find
.

Answer: the tangent must be drawn at the point
.

Note that the problem of finding an integral based on its geometric meaning is often encountered. Let us show with an example how this problem is solved.

Example 4. Using the geometric meaning of the integral, calculate

A )
; b)
.

Solution.

A)
– equal to the area of a curvilinear trapezoid bounded by lines.

P let's transform

– the upper half of the circle with the center R(1;0) and radius R= 1.

That's why
.

Answer:
.

b) Arguing similarly, let’s construct an area limited by graphs .2 – 2x+ 2, tangent to it at points A
, B(4;2)

y=–9x– 59, parabola y= 3x 2 +ax+ 1, if it is known that the tangent to the parabola at the point x=– 2 is with axis Ox angle size arctg 6.

Find A, if it is known that the area of a curvilinear trapezoid bounded by lines y= 3x 3 + 2x, x=a, y= 0 is equal to one.

Find the smallest area of a figure bounded by a parabola y=x 2 + 2x– 3 and straight y=kx+ 1.

6.Homework information stage.

Objectives: To ensure that students understand the purpose, content and methods of completing homework. No. 18, 19,20,21 odd

7. Summing up the lesson.

Objective: To provide a qualitative assessment of the work of the class and individual students.

Example1 . Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines: x + 2y – 4 = 0, y = 0, x = -3, and x = 2

Let's construct a figure (see figure) We construct a straight line x + 2y – 4 = 0 using two points A(4;0) and B(0;2). Expressing y through x, we get y = -0.5x + 2. Using formula (1), where f(x) = -0.5x + 2, a = -3, b = 2, we find

S = = [-0.25=11.25 sq. units

Example 2. Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines: x – 2y + 4 = 0, x + y – 5 = 0 and y = 0.

Solution. Let's construct the figure.

Let's construct a straight line x – 2y + 4 = 0: y = 0, x = - 4, A(-4; 0); x = 0, y = 2, B(0; 2).

Let's construct a straight line x + y – 5 = 0: y = 0, x = 5, C(5; 0), x = 0, y = 5, D(0; 5).

Let's find the point of intersection of the lines by solving the system of equations:

x = 2, y = 3; M(2; 3).

To calculate the required area, we divide the triangle AMC into two triangles AMN and NMC, since when x changes from A to N, the area is limited by a straight line, and when x changes from N to C - by a straight line

For triangle AMN we have: ; y = 0.5x + 2, i.e. f(x) = 0.5x + 2, a = - 4, b = 2.

For triangle NMC we have: y = - x + 5, i.e. f(x) = - x + 5, a = 2, b = 5.

By calculating the area of each triangle and adding the results, we find:

sq. units

9 + 4, 5 = 13.5 sq. units Check: = 0.5AC = 0.5 sq. units

Example 3. Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines: y = x 2 , y = 0, x = 2, x = 3.

In this case, you need to calculate the area of a curved trapezoid bounded by the parabola y = x 2 , straight lines x = 2 and x = 3 and the Ox axis (see figure) Using formula (1) we find the area of the curvilinear trapezoid

= = 6 sq. units

Example 4. Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines: y = - x 2 + 4 and y = 0

Let's construct the figure. The required area is enclosed between the parabola y = - x 2 + 4 and the Ox axis.

Let's find the intersection points of the parabola with the Ox axis. Assuming y = 0, we find x = Since this figure is symmetrical about the Oy axis, we calculate the area of the figure located to the right of the Oy axis, and double the result obtained: = +4x]sq. units 2 = 2 sq. units

Example 5. Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines: y 2 = x, yx = 1, x = 4

Here you need to calculate the area of a curvilinear trapezoid bounded by the upper branch of the parabola 2 = x, axis Ox and straight lines x = 1 и x = 4 (see figure)

According to formula (1), where f(x) = a = 1 and b = 4, we have = (= sq. units.

Example 6 . Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines: y = sinx, y = 0, x = 0, x= .

The required area is limited by the half-wave of the sinusoid and the Ox axis (see figure).

We have - cosx = - cos = 1 + 1 = 2 sq. units

Example 7. Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines: y = - 6x, y = 0 and x = 4.

The figure is located under the Ox axis (see figure).

Therefore, we find its area using formula (3)

= =

Example 8. Calculate the area of the figure bounded by the lines: y = and x = 2. Construct the y = curve by points (see figure). Thus, we find the area of the figure using formula (4)

Example 9 .

X 2 + y 2 = r 2 .

Here you need to calculate the area enclosed by the circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 , i.e. the area of a circle of radius r with the center at the origin. Let's find the fourth part of this area by taking the limits of integration from 0

before; we have: 1 = = [

Hence, 1 =

Example 10. Calculate the area of a figure bounded by lines: y= x 2 and y = 2x

This figure is limited by the parabola y = x 2 and the straight line y = 2x (see figure) To determine the intersection points of the given lines, we solve the system of equations: x 2 – 2x = 0 x = 0 and x = 2

Using formula (5) to find the area, we obtain

= \- -fl -- Г -1-±Л_ 1V1 -l-l-Ii-^ 3) |_ 2 3V 2 / J 3 24 24* Example 2. Let's calculate the area limited by the sinusoid y = sinXy, the Ox axis and the straight line (Fig. .87). Applying formula (I), we obtain A 2 S= J sinxdx= [-cos x]Q =0 -(-1) = lf Example 3. Calculate the area limited by the arc of the sinusoid ^у = sin jc, enclosed between two adjacent intersection points with the Ox axis (for example, between the origin and the point with the abscissa i). Note that from geometric considerations it is clear that this area will be twice the area of the previous example. However, let's do the calculations: I 5= | s\nxdx= [ - cosх)* - - cos i-(-cos 0)= 1 + 1 = 2. o Indeed, our assumption turned out to be correct. Example 4. Calculate the area bounded by the sinusoid and the Ox axis at one period (Fig. 88). Preliminary calculations suggest that the area will be four times larger than in Example 2. However, after making calculations, we obtain “i Г,*i S - \ sin x dx = [ - cos x]0 = = - cos 2l -(-cos 0) = - 1 + 1 = 0. This result requires clarification. To clarify the essence of the matter, we also calculate the area limited by the same sinusoid y = sin l: and the Ox axis in the range from l to 2i. Applying formula (I), we obtain 2l $2l sin xdx=[ - cosх]l = -cos 2i~)-c05i=- 1-1 =-2. Thus, we see that this area turned out to be negative. Comparing it with the area calculated in exercise 3, we find that their absolute values are the same, but the signs are different. If we apply property V (see Chapter XI, § 4), we get 2l I 2l J sin xdx= J sin * dx [ sin x dx = 2 + (- 2) = 0What happened in this example is not an accident. Always the area located below the Ox axis, provided that the independent variable changes from left to right, is obtained when calculated using integrals. In this course we will always consider areas without signs. Therefore, the answer in the example just discussed will be: the required area is 2 + |-2| = 4. Example 5. Let's calculate the area of the BAB shown in Fig. 89. This area is limited by the Ox axis, the parabola y = - xr and the straight line y - = -x+\. Area of a curvilinear trapezoid The required area OAB consists of two parts: OAM and MAV. Since point A is the intersection point of a parabola and a straight line, we will find its coordinates by solving the system of equations 3 2 Y = mx. (we only need to find the abscissa of point A). Solving the system, we find l; = ~. Therefore, the area has to be calculated in parts, first square. OAM and then pl. MAV: .... G 3 2, 3 G xP 3 1/2 U 2. QAM-^x)

Area of ​​a curved trapezoid examples. Definite integral. How to calculate the area of ​​a figure. Homework Information Stage

Definite integral. How to calculate the area of ​​a figure

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Area of a curved trapezoid examples. Definite integral. How to calculate the area of a figure. Homework Information Stage

Definite integral. How to calculate the area of a figure