The particles don't change. According to their meaning and role in the sentence, particles are divided into three categories:

• formative - serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb (b, would, yes, come on, let others be);
• negative - particles not and neither;
• modal - introduce various semantic nuances into the sentence and express the feelings and attitude of the speaker (unless, there, exactly, only others).

Do not confuse particles with other parts of speech.

1. The particle would be (b) after the pronoun that and the union to (What would you like? Father went to a sanatorium to heal.).
2. The particle after the pronoun is also the union too (The same as yesterday. The sky above us was also dark, there was no moon yet.).
3. The particle after the adverb and the union also (Just like today. Today it also sweeps.).
4. Particles are not, nor are prefixes homonymous to them (did not come - unfriendly, not a tree - no).
5. The particle then and the homonymous suffix -to (table-someone - someone).
6. Particles and homonymous other parts of speech:
   What a house! (particle what for) - What is behind the house? (pronoun what with the preposition for)
   How good you are! (particle like) - I don't know how to do it better! (conjunction as).

Examples

Shaping particles

Formative conditional mood: would come, put on b, would have to, no matter what happens Formative imperative mood: long live, let's go, let him go, let him ride

Modal particles (meaning shades)

Particles with semantic shades are divided into groups according to their meaning:
question: is it, is it really;
indication here, and here, out, and out;
clarification: exactly, exactly;
selection and limitation: only, only, almost, exclusively.

Modal particles (expressing feelings)

Particles expressing the feelings and attitude of the speaker are divided into groups according to their meaning:
exclamation: what for, how;
doubt: hardly, hardly;
amplification: even, even, even, after all, really, after all;
relaxation of the requirement:-ka (do it, show it).

The negative particle is not

A particle cannot give a negative value and a positive value with a double negation.
The negative meaning of the whole sentence:
Don't rush to answer. Do not be this.
Negative meaning of a single word:
Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.
Positive value:
Comrade could not help me.

Negative particle neither

The particle neither, except for the negative, can have other meanings.
Negative value without subject:
Don `t move! Not a soul around!
Strengthening the negation with the particle neither and the word no:
There is not a soul around. Not a bush is visible.
Generalizing meaning with negative pronoun and adverb:
Whatever (=everything) he would do, everything worked out for him.
Wherever (=everywhere) you look, fields and fields are everywhere.

Particle- this is a service part of speech, which serves to express shades of the meanings of words, phrases, sentences and to form word forms.

In accordance with this, particles are usually divided into two categories - modal (semantic) and shaping.

Particles do not change, are not members of the sentence.

In school grammar, however, it is customary to emphasize the negative particle not together with the word to which it refers; especially for verbs.

TOformative particles include particles that serve to form the forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include the following: would (an indicator of the conditional mood),let, let, yes, come on (those) (indicators of the imperative mood). Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are components of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, they are underlined with it even in a non-contact arrangement, for example: Iwould Notlate, IfwouldNotwentrain.

Modal (semantic) particles express the semantic shades, feelings and attitudes of the speaker. According to the specific meaning they express, they are divided into the following groups:

1) negative: not, not at all, far from, not at all;

2) interrogative: really, really, whether (l);

3) index: here, out, this;

4) clarifying : exactly, just straight, exactly, exactly;

5) restrictive excretory: only, only, exclusively, almost, only;

6) exclamatory: what for, well, how;

7) amplifying: even, even, not, after all, after all, after all, well;

8) with the meaning of doubt : hardly; hardly.

In some studies, other groups of particles are also distinguished, since not all particles can be included in these groups (for example, they say, supposedly, they say).

Particle neither acts as a negative in the constructions of an impersonal sentence with an omitted predicate (In the room neither sound) and as amplifying in the presence of an already expressed negation (In the room Not heard neither sound). When repeating a particle neither acts as a repeating coordinating union (You can’t hear in the room neither rustles, neither other sounds).

Modal (semantic) particle -That must be distinguished from the word-forming postfix -to, which acts as a means of forming indefinite pronouns and adverbs. Compare: some, somewhere (postfix) - I -That I know where to go (particle).

Postfixes -sya (-s), -to, -either, -nibud and prefixes not and neither in the composition of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, as well as participles and adjectives, are not particles, regardless of continuous or separate spelling.

Morphological parsing of a particle

Particles are disassembled according to the following plan:

I. Part of speech. Grammatical role (for what it serves).

II. Morphological features: rank by value

According to school grammar, all particles, both semantic and formative, should be disassembled according to this scheme, however, it should be noted that the formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out during morphological analysis together with the verb when parsing the verb as a part of speech.

Sample morphological parsing of a particle:

I do not claim that he did not suffer at all; I just became completely convinced now that he could go on about his Arabians as much as he liked, giving only the necessary explanations (F. M. Dostoevsky).

I. Non-particle

II. immutable, modal (semantic), negative.

I. only - particle

I. only - particle

II. immutable, modal (semantic), restrictive-excretory.

According to school grammar, in this sentence one should also parse the particle as follows:

I. would - particle

II. immutable, formative, serves to form the form of the conditional mood of the verb.

Service. It is intended to denote various emotional and semantic shades. Also, with its help, completely new words and their forms are formed.

All particles in Russian are divided into two large categories:

1) those that express shades of various meanings and emotions (modal);

2) formative and word-forming.

Such a division is based on what meaning and what role this part of speech plays in the sentence.

Modal particles in Russian

Depending on the shades of meanings and emotions they express, the particles, in turn, are divided into the following groups:

1) incentive: let, well, -ka, well, let's, come on;

2) negative and affirmative: no, yes, not, exactly, not at all;

3) exclamatory-evaluative particles: well, still, what kind, oh how, oh what;

4) interrogative: what, really, really, whether;

5) intensifying particles: yes and, and, even, even;

6) concessive at least, nevertheless, nevertheless;

7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, as if;

8) excretory-limiting particles: only, only, only, exclusively, almost;

9) clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;

10) demonstrative: here and, there and, here, this, there, that.

Formative and word-forming particles in Russian

The latter are:

1) particles neither and not, if they are used as prefixes to form adjectives, nouns, adverbs, as well as pronouns (indefinite and negative): not true, someone, nothing, etc .;

2) particles - either, - something, - something, something. They are used as affixes. With their help, indefinite pronouns and adverbs are formed: something, somewhere, somewhere, etc.

The shaping particle would be. With its help, the mood of the verb can be changed to the subjunctive: I would help, I would win.

Particles in Russian. Origin Classification

In Russian, some particles originate from various parts of speech, while others do not. On this basis, they are classified as follows:

1. Derivatives. They can come from adverbs: barely, directly, only, etc.; from verbs: let, let, see, etc .; from pronouns: -something, everything, -what, it, etc.; from unions: and, yes, the same, but, whether, -or, etc.

2. Non-derivative particles. Their origin is not connected with any parts of speech: -ka, out, here, etc.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "not" is merged with words

The unstressed particle is not used when one intends to express negation. It is written together with words only in the following cases:

a) if it serves as a prefix for nouns, adverbs and adjectives: unkind, sad, failure;

b) if the word without it is not found in use: ridiculous, out of place, slob;

c) if the forms of indefinite and negative pronouns are unprepositional: nobody, somebody, nothing, somebody;

d) if there are no dependent words with full communion: unheated sun, uncorrected mistake.

Particles in Russian. Spelling "ni" is merged with words

This unstressed particle is used to express amplification. It is written together with words in those cases when it acts as a prefix:

a) in negative adverbs: not at all, nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all, not at all, nowhere;

b) in negative pronouns (in their non-prepositional forms): I did not have a chance to take anyone on the road.

Creative work on the topic:

"Particles in Russian"

Performed:

7th grade student "A"

Balashova Svetlana

Morphological features

A particle is a service part of speech that serves to express various semantic shades of any member of a sentence or a sentence as a whole, as well as to form moods. The particle introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence and serves to form word forms. Invariable part of speech. The particle is not a member of the sentence.

Morphological features: shaping, negative, modal. Formatives serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include: yes, come on, let's, would (b), let, let. Negatives serve to express negation, reinforce negation, or give the sentence a positive meaning in case of double negation. These include: no, no. Modal are used to express various semantic shades and feelings in a sentence. These include: is it really, is it, what kind of, how, here, only, only, really, etc.

Modal particles contribute the following semantic shades:

1) question: is it, is it really, for example: Have you prepared the past material for today's lesson? Didn't you make the right choice by continuing your education?

2) indication: here, out, for example: Here are the necessary tools for a practical lesson;

3) clarification: exactly, just, for example: It is this specialist who will be in demand to work in our company;

4) allocation, restriction: only, only, exclusively, for example: Only those who passed will be allowed to take the exams. A medical worker should be an exceptionally kind, sympathetic, merciful person;

5) exclamation: what kind, how, for example: How nice it is for the teacher to see the success of his students!

6) doubt: hardly, hardly, for example: It is unlikely that you will cope with the task if you do not make efforts;

7) amplification: even, really, after all, after all, for example: How many times have the basic terms been repeated;

8) mitigation, requirement: - ka, for example: Repeat this topic again.

Particles are also a class of words expressing diverse relationships that are realized in an act of speech or text, namely: the relationship of the reported to the participants in the act of speech (speaking, listening), as well as the relationship between them; the attitude of the reported to reality (in terms of its reality, unreality; reliability, unreliability); relation between statements and their components. By expressing these relationships, the particles realize their meanings. In some meanings of the particle, semantic components are presented that modify the content of the message (only, everything, was, not, neither).

Particles, in addition, serve to form morphological and syntactic moods (if, let, let). In the Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language, particles are classified according to a different basis - according to functions. There are three main categories: syntactic (would, let, yes, come on, etc.), subjective-modal (after all, even, maybe, really, etc.) and negative (not, not) particles. Among subjective-modal particles, amplifying particles differ in meaning (something, even, after all, here, here), excretory (only, only), etc. In the Russian Grammar, the main categories of particles are also distinguished by functions. Characterizing a sign (action or state) according to its course in time, according to the completeness or incompleteness of implementation, according to the effectiveness or not effectiveness (it was, it happened, it happens, etc.). The particles in this grammar are also classified according to their structure: they are divided into primitive and non-primitive, into simple (and, fortunately, more, etc.) and composite; composite particles are divided into dissected (that would be, that's it, like this, etc.) and not dissected (would be good, if only, still, etc.); inside the compound particles, phraseological units are distinguished (no-no and; what of what, etc.). Thus, the question of the classes of particles and the principles of their selection is solved in different ways. In the study of particles as lexical units in their system, a large number of intersecting subclasses are found, interconnected by a variety of relationships.

Various classifications can be applied to particles as units of a language, taking a separate value of a particle as a classification unit (for example, in the classification proposed below). The most adequate to linguistic reality are those classifications that reflect the semantic properties of particles. However, the analysis of particle semantics is impossible without taking into account the specifics of their functioning. According to the main classification feature - semantic particles are divided into eleven categories. Modal particles expressing different types of subjective relations. With the help of such particles, the meanings associated with two types of modality are expressed: reality / unreality and certainty / unreliability.

With the meanings “possibility”, “desirability”, “necessity”, associated with the opposition reality / unreality, the particular meanings of expectation expressed by the particles (simply, and, precisely, nevertheless, nevertheless; for example, And you agreed!), surprises (well, look how), incentives, encouragement, demands, wishes (come on, well, so that, otherwise, would, let, if, when, it would be good; for example, I have to live!; To be good meeting!), reminders / reminders (tea, more, for example, Take a candy! - I don’t see sweets!; Remember her: she still sang a song for you!), assumptions (maybe, as if, exactly, as if, like , exactly, in no way; for example, if someone entered?), fears (unequally); with the opposition of reliability / unreliability, particular meanings of confirmation (yes, exactly), assumptions (let it be, well, good), doubts, distrust [yes, no, directly, unless, as if; e.g.: I will find you a book! -Yes, you can find it! (in the meaning of "you will not find"); I stay. No, really? (meaning "can't believe")]. Emotionally expressive particles expressing various emotional characteristics (threat, surprise, dissatisfaction, annoyance, irony, mockery): Well, you see, you see, simply, directly. These words (except simply, directly) are classified by some researchers as interjections as words that serve the sphere of emotions. They approach particles when they function as a modal component of a sentence.

Address particles expressing the semantics associated with the social sphere. This semantics can be reduced to the oppositions higher/lower/equal; own / someone else's. This category includes particles: -ka, -s (obsolete). In the values ​​of the particle, a sign of categorical/non-categorical character is found, which leads to the sphere of modal values. Contextual particles that serve to identify the author's behavior, to draw attention to certain components of an utterance or text. Context particles are associated with the organization of speech activity (already, and, yes, no, here, out; for example, Yes, one more news; Yes, I almost forgot, you have a letter), with all sorts of clarifications regarding selected expressions, fillings "Emptiness" in speech (or that, namely), and with indications of the transfer of someone else's speech (they say, de, they say, supposedly). Quantitative particles expressing the quantitative characteristic of the component of the propositional content from the point of view of the speaker (only, only, just like that).

Negative particles specialized in expressing negation (no, no). Phase particle (was) that modifies the propositional semantics of the verbal predicate, expressing that the action began or was expected, but did not take place or was interrupted. Emitting particles expressing the meaning of inconsistency or correspondence of the supposed, expected and actual (only, only, even, already, exactly, and).

Identifying particles [same, and; for example, Here he was born, here he lives all his life; I have the same book (like the one in the window)], which serves to express anaphoric relations in the text (relationships of coreference or equal lexemes). Gradational particles expressing the growth of a feature (even). Particles-replicas and able to function in the dialogue as a replicating component (yes, okay, okay). The semantic classification covers this entire class of words, but does not reflect all the properties of this class. The second classification feature is the features of the functioning of the particle: some of them can function in a relatively closed statement (already, ek, only, there, for you), others - display the statement in a wider text, being non-union indicators of communication in the text (as if, and, an well, only, even, exactly). Particles can also be classified according to their correlation with the type of speech act: a question - is it really, is it, is it; motivation - let, give, well, so that, otherwise; assertion - all other particles. This classification does not cover the entire class - some words in this respect are neutral, indefinite, not marked (only, even, everything). Particles, being words with a wide variety of parameters, can simultaneously be included in several classifications. So, the particle is even excretory, textual, not marked from the point of view of being related to the speech act; particles ek - emotionally expressive, functions in isolated utterances and in a statement; particles is modal, textual, interrogative (in relation to the speech act).

Separate writing of particles

Particles would (b), but (g), whether (l) are written separately: I would read, if, here, which one, however, however, hardly, hardly.

Note. The rule does not apply to those cases when these particles are part of the word: so that, also, too, really, or etc.

Hyphenating Particles

Particles (suffixes) are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, something- (koi-), (-kas - dialect), -either, -something, -s, -tka, -tko, -that: you-de, she -de, na-ka, nate-ka, look, someone, someone, someone, someone, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look, somewhere , sometime, something. Note. The particle -de (colloquial) is used when transmitting someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they say) and in the meaning of the particles they say, they say; cf .: And if I see, de, that the execution is small for him, I will hang all the judges right there around the table (Kr.). - My fellow countryman turned to the commander at a halt: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, the case is expensive, they say, since a local resident, it’s within easy reach of the yard (TV). The particle say (colloquial) was formed by merging two words: de and say.

Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It brings additional shades of meaning to the sentence.into words, phrases and sentencesand can also form word forms.The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional shades to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of sentence members. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

When parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Particles are divided into 3 categories - semantic, negative And shaping.
Shape-forming particles are let's, yes, let's, would, b, it happened, let, let. Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are part of the verb form and the same member of the sentence as the verb: I would not know if he had not told.

Particle- one of the official parts of speech. It introduces additional shades of meaning into the sentence, and can also form word forms.

Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form an imperative form together with the verb, for example: let them run, let's put up, let there be peace.

Particle would forms the conditional mood of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

Particles that introduce different semantic shades are divided into

affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes, yes)

negative(no, no)

interrogative(really, is it, is it, or what),

comparative(like, as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, as if),

amplifying(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

index(out, this, here)

specifying(precisely, exactly, exactly, exactly),

excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, only, exclusively)

exclamatory(what for, then, how, well, after all),

expressing doubt(hardly, hardly).

The meaning and negative particles are presented below in the form of a table.

Particles must be distinguished from interjections Oh, uh, ah, oh etc., used to express an intensifying connotation, which (unlike interjections) are not separated by commas (and are not accented).