Tatar-Mongolian invasion of Rus'. Batu's invasion of Rus' (briefly). Consequences of Batu's invasion of Rus'
If all lies are removed from history, this does not mean at all that only the truth will remain - as a result, nothing may remain at all.
Stanislav Jerzy Lec
The Tatar-Mongol invasion began in 1237 with the invasion of Batu's cavalry into the Ryazan lands, and ended in 1242. The result of these events was a two-century yoke. So they say in the textbooks, but in fact the relationship between the Horde and Russia was much more complicated. In particular, the famous historian Gumilyov speaks about this. In this material, we will briefly consider the issues of the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar army from the point of view of the generally accepted interpretation, and also consider the controversial issues of this interpretation. Our task is not to offer for the thousandth time a fantasy about medieval society, but to provide our readers with facts. Conclusions are everyone's business.
The beginning of the invasion and background
For the first time, the troops of Rus' and the Horde met on May 31, 1223 in the battle on Kalka. The Russian troops were led by the Kiev prince Mstislav, and Subedei and Juba opposed them. The Russian army was not only defeated, it was actually destroyed. There are many reasons for this, but all of them are discussed in the article about the battle on Kalka. Returning to the first invasion, it took place in two stages:
- 1237-1238 - a campaign against the eastern and northern lands of Rus'.
- 1239-1242 - a campaign in the southern lands, which led to the establishment of a yoke.
Invasion of 1237-1238
In 1236, the Mongols launched another campaign against the Polovtsians. In this campaign, they achieved great success and in the second half of 1237 approached the borders of the Ryazan principality. The commander of the Asian cavalry was Batu Khan (Batu Khan), the grandson of Genghis Khan. He had 150,000 people under him. Subedey, who was familiar with the Russians from previous clashes, participated in the campaign with him.
Map of the Tatar-Mongol invasion
The invasion took place at the beginning of the winter of 1237. It is impossible to establish the exact date here, since it is unknown. Moreover, some historians say that the invasion did not take place in the winter, but in the late autumn of the same year. With great speed, the Mongols' cavalry moved around the country, conquering one city after another:
- Ryazan - fell at the end of December 1237. The siege lasted 6 days.
- Moscow - fell in January 1238. The siege lasted 4 days. This event was preceded by the Battle of Kolomna, where Yuri Vsevolodovich with his army tried to stop the enemy, but was defeated.
- Vladimir - fell in February 1238. The siege lasted 8 days.
After the capture of Vladimir, virtually all the eastern and northern lands were in the hands of Batu. He conquered one city after another (Tver, Yuriev, Suzdal, Pereslavl, Dmitrov). In early March, Torzhok fell, thus opening the way for the Mongol army to the north, to Novgorod. But Batu made a different maneuver and instead of marching on Novgorod, he deployed his troops and went to storm Kozelsk. The siege went on for 7 weeks, ending only when the Mongols went to the trick. They announced that they would accept the surrender of the Kozelsk garrison and let everyone go alive. People believed and opened the gates of the fortress. Batu did not keep his word and gave the order to kill everyone. Thus ended the first campaign and the first invasion of the Tatar-Mongolian army into Rus'.
Invasion of 1239-1242
After a break of a year and a half, in 1239 a new invasion of Rus' by the troops of Batu Khan began. This year based events took place in Pereyaslav and Chernihiv. The sluggishness of Batu's offensive is due to the fact that at that time he was actively fighting the Polovtsy, in particular in the Crimea.
In the autumn of 1240, Batu led his army under the walls of Kyiv. The ancient capital of Rus' could not resist for a long time. The city fell on December 6, 1240. Historians note the special brutality with which the invaders behaved. Kyiv was almost completely destroyed. There is nothing left of the city. The Kyiv that we know today has nothing in common with the ancient capital (except for its geographical location). After these events, the invading army split up:
- Part went to Vladimir-Volynsky.
- Part went to Galich.
Having captured these cities, the Mongols went on a European campaign, but we are of little interest in it.
The consequences of the Tatar-Mongol invasion of Rus'
The consequences of the invasion of the Asian army in Rus' are described by historians unambiguously:
- The country was cut, and became completely dependent on the Golden Horde.
- Rus' began to pay tribute to the winners every year (in money and people).
- The country fell into a stupor in terms of progress and development due to an unbearable yoke.
This list can be continued, but, in general, it all comes down to the fact that all the problems that were in Rus' at that time were written off as a yoke.
This is how, briefly, the Tatar-Mongol invasion appears from the point of view of official history and what we are told in textbooks. In contrast, we will consider Gumilyov's arguments, and also ask a number of simple, but very important questions to understand the current issues and the fact that with the yoke, as well as with relations between Rus' and the Horde, everything is much more complex than it is customary to say.
For example, it is absolutely incomprehensible and inexplicable how a nomadic people, who several decades ago still lived in a tribal system, created a huge empire and conquered half the world. After all, considering the invasion of Rus', we consider only the tip of the iceberg. The empire of the Golden Horde was much larger: from the Pacific to the Adriatic, from Vladimir to Burma. Giant countries were conquered: Rus', China, India ... Neither before nor after, no one was able to create a military machine that could conquer so many countries. And the Mongols could ...
To understand how difficult it was (if not to say that it was impossible), let's look at the situation with China (so as not to be accused of looking for a conspiracy around Rus'). The population of China at the time of Genghis Khan was approximately 50 million people. No one conducted a census of the Mongols, but, for example, today this nation has 2 million people. If we take into account that the number of all the peoples of the Middle Ages is increasing by now, then the Mongols were less than 2 million people (including women, the elderly and children). How did they manage to conquer China of 50 million inhabitants? And then also India and Russia ...
The strangeness of the geography of movement of Batu
Let's return to the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. What were the goals of this trip? Historians talk about the desire to plunder the country and subdue it. It also states that all these goals have been achieved. But this is not entirely true, because in ancient Rus' there were 3 richest cities:
- Kyiv is one of the largest cities in Europe and the ancient capital of Rus'. The city was conquered by the Mongols and destroyed.
- Novgorod is the largest trading city and the richest in the country (hence its special status). Generally not affected by the invasion.
- Smolensk, also a trading city, was considered equal in wealth to Kyiv. The city also did not see the Mongol-Tatar army.
So it turns out that 2 of the 3 largest cities did not suffer from the invasion at all. Moreover, if we consider plunder as a key aspect of Batu's invasion of Rus', then the logic is not traced at all. Judge for yourself, Batu takes Torzhok (he spends 2 weeks on the assault). This is the poorest city, whose task is to protect Novgorod. But after that, the Mongols do not go to the North, which would be logical, but turn to the south. Why was it necessary to spend 2 weeks on Torzhok, which no one needs, just to turn south? Historians give two explanations, logical at first glance:
- Near Torzhok, Batu lost many soldiers and was afraid to go to Novgorod. This explanation could well be considered logical if not for one "but". Since Batu lost a lot of his army, then he needs to leave Rus' to replenish his troops or take a break. But instead, the khan rushes to storm Kozelsk. Here, by the way, the losses were huge and as a result, the Mongols hastily left Rus'. But why they did not go to Novgorod is not clear.
- The Tatar-Mongols were afraid of the spring flood of the rivers (it was in March). Even in modern conditions, March in the north of Russia is not distinguished by a mild climate and you can safely move around there. And if we talk about 1238, then climatologists call that era the Little Ice Age, when winters were much harsher than modern ones and in general the temperature is much lower (this is easy to check). That is, it turns out that in the era of global warming in March, you can get to Novgorod, and in the era of the Ice Age, everyone was afraid of river floods.
With Smolensk, the situation is also paradoxical and inexplicable. Having taken Torzhok, Batu set off to storm Kozelsk. This is a simple fortress, a small and very poor city. The Mongols stormed it for 7 weeks, lost thousands of people killed. What was it for? There was no benefit from the capture of Kozelsk - there is no money in the city, there are no food depots either. Why such sacrifices? But just 24 hours of cavalry movement from Kozelsk is Smolensk - the richest city in Rus', but the Mongols do not even think of moving towards it.
Surprisingly, all these logical questions are simply ignored by official historians. Standard excuses are given, they say, who knows these savages, that's how they decided for themselves. But such an explanation does not stand up to scrutiny.
Nomads never howl in winter
There is another remarkable fact that the official history simply bypasses, because. it is impossible to explain it. Both Tatar-Mongolian invasions were committed to Rus' in winter (or started in late autumn). But these are nomads, and nomads start fighting only in the spring to finish the battles before winter. After all, they move on horses that need to be fed. Can you imagine how you can feed the many thousands of Mongolian army in snowy Russia? Historians, of course, say that this is a trifle and you should not even consider such issues, but the success of any operation directly depends on the provision:
- Charles 12 was unable to organize the provision of his army - he lost Poltava and the Northern War.
- Napoleon was unable to establish security and left Russia with a half-starved army, which was absolutely incapable of combat.
- Hitler, according to many historians, managed to establish security for only 60-70% - he lost the Second World War.
And now, understanding all this, let's see what the Mongol army was like. It is noteworthy, but there is no definite figure for its quantitative composition. Historians give figures from 50 thousand to 400 thousand horsemen. For example, Karamzin speaks of the 300,000th army of Batu. Let's look at the provision of the army using this figure as an example. As you know, the Mongols always went on military campaigns with three horses: riding (the rider moved on it), pack (carried the rider's personal belongings and weapons) and combat (went empty so that at any moment she could fresh into battle). That is, 300 thousand people is 900 thousand horses. Add to this the horses that carried the ram guns (it is known for certain that the Mongols brought the guns assembled), the horses that carried food for the army, carried additional weapons, etc. It turns out, according to the most conservative estimates, 1.1 million horses! Now imagine how to feed such a herd in a foreign country in a snowy winter (during the Little Ice Age)? The answer is no, because it can't be done.
So how many armies did Dad have?
It is noteworthy, but the closer to our time there is a study of the invasion of the Tatar-Mongolian army, the smaller the number is obtained. For example, the historian Vladimir Chivilikhin speaks of 30 thousand who moved separately, because they could not feed themselves in a single army. Some historians lower this figure even lower - up to 15 thousand. And here we come across an insoluble contradiction:
- If there really were so many Mongols (200-400 thousand), then how could they feed themselves and their horses in the harsh Russian winter? The cities did not surrender to them in peace in order to take provisions from them, most of the fortresses were burned.
- If the Mongols were really only 30-50 thousand, then how did they manage to conquer Rus'? After all, each principality fielded an army in the region of 50 thousand against Batu. If there were really so few Mongols and if they acted independently, the remnants of the horde and Batu himself would have been buried near Vladimir. But in reality, everything was different.
We invite the reader to look for conclusions and answers to these questions on their own. For our part, we did the main thing - we pointed out the facts that completely refute the official version of the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars. At the end of the article, I want to note another important fact that the whole world has recognized, including official history, but this fact is hushed up and published in few places. The main document, according to which the yoke and invasion were studied for many years, is the Laurentian Chronicle. But, as it turned out, the truth of this document raises big questions. Official history admitted that 3 pages of the annals (which speak of the beginning of the yoke and the beginning of the Mongol invasion of Rus') have been changed and are not original. I wonder how many more pages from the history of Russia have been changed in other chronicles, and what actually happened? But it's almost impossible to answer this question...
In Sevastopol, the war came earlier than in other cities of the Soviet Union - the first bombs were dropped on the city at 3:15 in the morning. Before the officially approved time of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. It was at 03:15 that the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Vice Admiral Philip Oktyabrsky, called the capital and reported to Admiral Kuznetsov that an air raid had been carried out on Sevastopol and anti-aircraft artillery was returning fire.
The Germans sought to block the fleet. They dropped bottom non-contact mines of enormous power. The bombs were dropped by parachutes, when the projectile reached the surface of the water, the mounts came off, and the bomb went to the bottom. These mines had specific targets - Soviet ships. But one of them fell on a residential area - about 20 people died, more than 100 were injured.
Warships and anti-aircraft defenses were ready to strike back. As early as 03:06, the Chief of Staff of the Black Sea Fleet, Rear Admiral Ivan Eliseev, gave the order to open fire on fascist aircraft that had invaded far into the airspace of the USSR. This is how he left a mark in a series of historical events - he gave the first combat order to repel enemy attacks.
It is interesting that for a long time the feat of Eliseev was either hushed up or adjusted into the framework of the official chronology of hostilities. That is why in some sources you can find information that the order was given at 4 o'clock in the morning. In those days, this order was given contrary to the orders of the higher military command and, according to the laws, he should have been shot.
June 22 at 3:48 in Sevastopol already had the first victims of the Great Patriotic War. 12 minutes before the official announcement of the start of hostilities, German bombs ended the lives of civilians. In Sevastopol, a monument to the first victims of the war was built in memory of them.
a) Chernihiv
b) Tver
c) Ryazan
When the Mongols took Kyiv and Chernigov
To whom in the Battle of the Neva did Alexander Yaroslavich “put a seal on his face with his sharp copy”?
a) Birger
b) Mindovga
c) Casimir.
Under which Khan did the Golden Horde flourish and convert to Islam?
b) Uzbek
c) Tokhtamysh.
When the battle took place on the river. Kalka, where did the Russian princes first meet the Mongols?
What was the name of the Ryazan governor, whose detachment acted in the rear of Batu's troops?
a) Mstislav Udaloy
b) Philip Nyanko
c) Evpatiy Kolovrat
Which of the Russian princes headed in 1252. uprising against the Golden Horde?
a) Alexander Nevsky
b) Daniil Galitsky
c) Andrei Yaroslavich
Which Russian city the Mongols called the "evil city"
b) Torzhok
c) Kozelsk
When and where did the Prince of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodoviichch die fighting the Mongols
a) in 1238 on the river City
b) in 1238 under the protection of the city of Vladimir
c) in 1239. on the river Klyazma.
Which of the Russian princes in the middle of the XIII. He was the initiator of the creation of the anti-Horde union of Russian princes
A) Alexander Nevsky
B) Yaroslav Vsevolodovich
B) Daniil Galitsky
What was the name of the capital of the Golden Horde?
B) Karakorum
B) Astrakhan.
Which of the Russian governors, according to the instructions of Batu, "was not killed for the sake of his courage"?
A) Dimitri
B) Philippa Nyanko
B) Evpatiy Kolovrat
What does the term "basma" mean?
a) a plate issued by the Mongol khans as a pass and credentials
b) type of edged weapons
c) the trade tax paid by the Russian lands to the Golden Horde.
Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde as a result?
a) the invasion of Batu Khan
b) the campaign of Khan Mamai
c) campaigns of Genghis Khan
d) Polovtsian raids.
What battle took place at the place where Peter the Great founded the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in St. Petersburg?
a) Neva battle
b) Ice battle
c) Battle of Rakovor.
What was the name of the territory of fertile lands south of the Oka,
a) black lands
b) wild field
c) white settlements.
Who owns the idea that tormented Russia stopped the Mongol invaders and thereby saved European civilization?
a) K.F. Ryleev
b) A.S. Pushkin
c) F.I. Tyutchev.
113. Indicate the correct correspondence between the date and the event of the period of struggle against foreign invaders ХШ-ХУвв...
1237 Khan Batu invasion of North-Eastern Rus'
1240 Neva battle
1380 Battle of Kulikovo
baskak system of domination over Russian lands
output tribute in favor of the Golden Horde
yoke representative of the khan who exercised control
for local authorities
Indicate the correct correspondence between the term characterizing the relationship of Rus' with the Golden Horde and its definition
label province in the Golden Horde
ulus tribute in favor of the Golden Horde
exit khan's letter confirming the right
1. Barsenkov A.S., Vdovin A.I. Russian history. 1917-2004: Textbook for university students.─M.: Aspect-Press, 2005.
2. Derevyanko A.P., Shabelnikova N.A. History of Russia: Textbook. M.: PROSPECT, 2006.
3. History of Russia for technical universities / Ed. prof. B.V. Lichman. 2nd edition. Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 2005.
4. Orlov A.S. History of Russia. Textbook. M.: PROSPECT, 2006.
5. Domestic history: Textbook for technical universities / Ed. E.V. Bodrovoy, T.G. Popova. M., 2004.
6. Domestic history. Textbook for technical universities / Ed. V.V. Fortunatov. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005.
7. Semin V.P. History of the Fatherland: Textbook for universities. M .: Academic project: Gaudemus, 2005.
1. Artemov V. V., Lubchenkov Yu. N. History: Textbook. M .: Academy, 2007.
2. World history: a reference book for schoolchildren and students / Gubarev V.K. ─ Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", Donetsk: "Credo", 2007.
3. Danilov A.A. National history. Textbook. M.: "Project", 2003.
4. The history of Russia for applicants to universities: textbook / V.I. Moryakov, V.A. Fedorov, Yu.A. Shchetinov. M .: TK "Velby", publishing house Prospekt, 2006.
5. Krivosheev Yu.V. Rus' and the Mongols. − St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St. Petersburg. un-ta., 2003.
6. Pipes R. Russia under the old regime. M.: ZAKHAROV, 2004.
7. Khrustalev D.G. Rus' from the invasion to the "yoke". 30-40s of the XIII century. - St. Petersburg: EURASIA, 2004.
Topic 3. Formation of the Russian centralized state. The formation of autocracy
North-Eastern Rus' in the XIV century. The emergence of new political centers (Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow). The struggle of the Moscow princes for dominance in North-Eastern Rus'. The rise of Moscow and its role in the unification of the northeastern Russian lands. The specifics of the formation of a unified Russian state: socio-economic and political preconditions.
The overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Completion of the unification of North-Eastern Rus' around Moscow. The development of forms of feudal land ownership. Approval of the local system of land tenure, the stages of enslavement of the peasants. Sudebnik of Ivan III. Command system.
Ivan groznyj. Reforms of the 50s 16th century and folding forms of estate-representative monarchy. Oprichnina, causes and consequences. Strengthening autocracy.
Western policy of Ivan IV. Livonian war. The struggle for access to the Baltic. Expansion of Muscovy in the East. Conquest of the Kazan Khanate. Accession of the Astrakhan Khanate. Conquest of Siberia. Importance of Russian colonization. Formation of an ethnically and socially heterogeneous society. The influence of space on the formation of a national character, political culture, the principles of state organization, the reproduction of traditionalism on a new scale.
Differences in the socio-political development of the countries of Western Europe and Russia. Russian idea: "Moscow is the Third Rome".
1. Due to what event did Ivan Kalita receive a “label” for the Great Prince of Vladimir and the right to collect tribute?:
a) the construction of the Kremlin;
b) an invitation to Moscow by the metropolitan;
c) participation in the suppression of the uprising in Tver.
2. The event, which went down in history as "standing on the Ugra River", led to:
a) the defeat of the Horde army;
b) the resumption of tribute payments to the Golden Horde;
c) the end of Rus''s dependence on the Golden Horde.
3. At the end of the XIII century. in order to become a Grand Duke in Rus', it was necessary to obtain:
a) the blessing of the Patriarch of Constantinople;
b) the consent of the master of the Livonian Order;
c) a label for a great reign from the Horde.
4. What was the specificity of the socio-economic development of Rus' in the IX-XI centuries. compared to Western Europe:
a) in the approval of serfdom;
b) in the presence of subsistence farms;
c) in the predominance of free community members among the population.
5. A characteristic feature of feudalism:
a) the conditional nature of land ownership;
b) freelance labor;
c) private property relations.
6. The first mention of Moscow is found in the annals in:
7. Who was the ancestor of the Moscow specific princes:
a) Alexander Nevsky;
b) Daniil Alexandrovich;
c) Ivan Kalita.
8. Between which two principalities there was a struggle for hegemony in North-Eastern Rus' in the first quarter of the 14th century:
a) between Moscow and Ryazan;
b) between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod;
c) between Moscow and Tver.
9. Name the Russian prince of the first "collector" of Rus':
a) Andrei Bogolyubsky;
b) Ivan Kalita;
c) Ivan the Red.
10. When the white stone Kremlin was built in Moscow:
a) in 1272;
b) in 1328;
11. Under the leadership of which Russian prince, Mamaev’s troops were defeated on September 8, 1380 on the Kulikovo field:
a) Alexander Nevsky;
b) Ivan Kalita;
c) Dmitry Ivanovich;
12. The main difference in the process of creating a single centralized state compared to similar processes in Western Europe?:
a) foreign policy factor;
b) increased trade;
c) European Renaissance.
13. The final stage of the formation of the Moscow centralized state:
a) the end of the XIII - the beginning of the XIV centuries;
b) the end of the XIV - the beginning of the XV centuries;
c) the second half of the 15th - the beginning of the 16th centuries.
14. When the Horde yoke was overthrown in Rus':
a) in 1480;
b) in 1500;
15. The first Russian metropolitan, elected at a general meeting of Russian bishops, was:
b) Antony
d) Hilarion
16. Which of the following statements is true? Union of Florence:
a) was an attempt by the Pope to subjugate the Russian Orthodox Church to his influence
b) was concluded between the Russian Patriarch and the Pope to oppose Islam
c) was concluded between Poland and Lithuania, as a result of which the state of the Commonwealth arose
d) an agreement between the Pope and Russia on the joint struggle against the Golden Horde
17. Fee "for the elderly" was first introduced:
a) Ivan the Terrible in the "decree on reserved years"
b) in Sudebnik 1550
c) in the Sudebnik of 1497
d) in Russkaya Pravda
Tatar-Mongol yoke
Choose the correct answer
1) Vladimirskoye
2) Chernihiv
3) Kiev
4) Ryazan
The founders of the Mongolian state is
1) Genghis Khan
4) Subaday
3. What answer can be put instead of a gap?
Policy methods of the Horde khans
Divide and Conquer Policy
1) convening princely congresses
2) planting their cultural traditions and religious views
3) maintaining friendly relations with the Catholic West
4) exemption from paying tribute to the Orthodox clergy
Horde exit is
1) a tenth of all income in favor of the Golden Horde
2) theft of the Russian population in the Horde
3) Horde raids on Rus'
4) a trip of Russian princes for a label to the Russian reign in the Golden Horde
The task of Christianizing the peoples of the Baltic states was entrusted to
1) Order of Malta
2) Knights Templar
3) Teutonic Order
4) Livonian Order
What battle contributed to the crusaders' refusal to quickly conquer the north-west of Rus'?
1) Neva battle
2) Battle on the river. City
3) Battle on the Ice
4) Battle of Rakovor
Where did the first clash between the Russian troops and the Mongolian troops take place?
1) on the Kalka River
2) on the Don River
3) on the river Pyana
4) on the river Vozha
In December 1237, the Mongol army entered the territory
1) Kozel principality
2) Ryazan principality
3) Chernihiv Principality
4) Kyiv principality
In what year was the Horde dominion over Russia established?
The Golden Horde was part of
1) the states of Khorezmshahs
2) Polovtsian steppe
3) Mongol Empire
4) Crimean Khanate
What Russian lands did NOT fall under the rule of the Horde?
1) Southwestern Rus'
2) Western Rus'
3) Southern Rus'
4) Northwestern Rus'
12. Eliminate the excess in the series "Cities that put up stubborn resistance to the army of Batu":
3) Vladimir
4) Kozelsk
Alexander Nevsky in the battle on Lake Peipsi defeated
1) the combined forces of the Swedes, Norwegians, Finns
2) Teutonic Order
3) the united army of the Swedes
4) knights of the Livonian Order
14. Indicate on what principle the series is built: Gavrila Oleksich, Savva, Yakov-Polotchanin, Misha from Novgorod, Ratmir -
1) participants in the battle on Lake Peipsi
2) organizers of the defense of Russian cities during the Horde invasion
3) heroes of the Neva battle
4) instigators of the uprising against the Horde yoke
What was NOT a form of Rus''s dependence on the Horde?
1) the issuance of a label to the great reign by the khans
2) control over the Orthodox clergy
3) paying tribute
4) the obligation to expose soldiers to the Mongolian troops
Daniil Galitsky in the fight against the Horde
1) tried to rely on the Catholic powers
2) achieved a ransom for independent collection of tribute
3) actively negotiated with the khans to reduce tribute
4) supported the policy of Alexander Nevsky
Choose the correct answers
Specify the reasons for the victory of Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedes in the Battle of the Ice
A) a strategically advantageous place for a battle
B) a significant numerical superiority of the Russian troops
C) the courage of Russian soldiers
D) autumn weather conditions
D) the youth and prowess of the prince
E) the erroneous tactics of the knights
Specify the reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongols
A) the absence of fortified cities in Rus'
B) the political fragmentation of Rus'
C) going over to the side of the Horde princes of the southern lands
D) strife between Russian princes
E) the need to combat the invasion of the crusaders in the north-west of Rus'
E) the superiority of the Mongolian army in combat qualities
Choose the correct answer
Which "table" was the most prestigious at the beginning of the 14th century?
1) Kyiv
2) Vladimirsky
3) Novgorod
4) Moscow
To which city did the metropolitan move from Kyiv in 1299?
1) Vladimir
4) Novgorod
What was the name of the type of large landed property that passed by inheritance in Ancient Rus'?
1) estate
2) fiefdom
3) homestead
The collapse of the Golden Horde occurred after the death
1) Tamerlane
2) Tokhtamysh
Indicate the years of the reign of Ivan Kalita
1) 1154–1212
2) 1325–1340
3) 1340–1353
4) 1359–1389
Name the first Russian metropolitan actually independent of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
4) Theognost
By the example of his life, he "raised the fallen spirit of his native people, awakened in him confidence in himself, in his strength, breathed faith in his future." Who are we talking about?
1) Alexander Nevsky
2) Dmitry Donskoy
3) Sergius of Radonezh
4) Ivan Kalita
Fill the gaps
21. Independence, independence of the Russian Church - ________________.
22. According to legend, before the Battle of Kulikovo, in a duel with the Horde hero, ______________ fought.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the XIII-XV centuries. (§ 16)
Choose the correct answer
Fill the gaps
20. Privilege is ____________________________________________________________
21. The Union of Kreva was concluded between Lithuania and ____________ in _________.
22. According to the ____________ union, the Lithuanian prince could not be elected without the consent of the Polish king.
Culture of Rus' XIII-XV centuries. (§§ 17–18)
Choose the correct answer
1. The bulk of the townspeople (merchants, artisans) lived in
1) child
3) homesteads
4) settlements
2. The first mention of the use of cannons in Rus' was given in the annals
1) about the defense of Ryazan
2) about the capture of Moscow by Tokhtamysh in 1382.
3) about the Battle of Kulikovo
4) about the Battle of Grunwald
3. In the XIV century in Rus' appears
2) papyrus
3) parchment
4) printed book
4. Indicate who was a contemporary of Andrei Rublev?
1) Metropolitan Hilarion
2) Yuri Dolgoruky
3) Sergius of Radonezh
4) Prince Mindovg
5. Under which Moscow prince was the white-stone Kremlin built?
1) Daniel
2) Ivan Kalita
3) Basil I
4) Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy)
6. What new genre emerges in Russian literature in the 13th-14th centuries?
1) a satirical story
2) hagiographic
3) journalistic
4) autobiographical
7. A prerequisite for canonization was the compilation
1) prayers
3) walking
4) words of praise
Who or what is it about?
20. “... living with the brothers, he endured many hardships and performed great deeds and labors of the fasting life ... And in all other monastic affairs that the brethren needed, he participated: sometimes he carried firewood on his shoulders from the forest and, breaking and chopping it, chopped it into logs, carried by cells. ... He ... did not snatch the rank from anyone, did not promise promises for this, did not give pay, like some ambitious people who snatch everything from each other ... The blessed one never stopped charity and the servants in the monastery ordered the poor and wanderers to give shelter and help those in need. ..” _________________________
21 . In an Orthodox Russian church, a wall lined with icons separates from the altar. ________________
22. Sublime style, the first signs of which are present in the writings of Metropolitan Cyprian. Pachomius Logofet – virtuoso of this style of "weaving words", with deliberate solemnity and pretentiousness __________________
Part C*
1. Read a passage from a historical source and briefly answer questions 1-3. The answers assume the use of information from the source, as well as the application of knowledge from the course of the history of the corresponding period.
Prince Alexander prepared for battle, and they went against each other, and Lake Peipsi was covered with a multitude of both warriors. Alexander's father, Yaroslav, sent his younger brother Andrei with a large squad to help him. Yes, and Prince Alexander had many brave warriors, as in ancient times with King David, strong and steadfast. So the men of Alexander were filled with the spirit of war, because their hearts were like the hearts of lions ... It was then Saturday, and when the sun rose, opponents came together. And there was a fierce slaughter, and there was a crash from breaking spears and a ringing from the blows of swords, and it seemed that a frozen lake moved, and no ice was visible, for it was covered with blood.<…>And so he defeated the enemies with the help of God, and they turned to flight, while Alexander cut them down, driving them as if through the air, and there was nowhere for them to hide.<…>And Prince Alexander returned with a glorious victory, and there were many prisoners in his army, and those who call themselves "God's knights" were led barefoot near the horses.<…>And his name was glorified in all countries ...
1. What battle is described in this fragment?
2. What is the significance of Prince Alexander's victory?
3. Why was Alexander Nevsky canonized by the church as a saint in the Middle Ages?
Task for a generalized description of historical events and phenomena.
What was the dependence of Rus' on the Golden Horde? (Give at least three examples.)
What views on relations with the Horde did the Russian princes have? (Name at least two points of view).
Assignment for consideration of historical versions and estimates.
There is an opinion that the yoke also had positive features for the development of Rus', and "the union of Moscow and the Horde held on as long as it was mutually beneficial."
What other judgment about the period of Mongol domination do you know? Which statement do you think is more convincing? Name the facts that can serve as arguments for your chosen point of view (at least three).
4. Task for the analysis of the historical situation.
Historian N.M. Karamzin wrote: “... A miracle happened. A town hardly known until the 14th century. .., exalted the head ... "
What changes took place in the Moscow principality by the XIV century. (at least two)? What were the reasons for these changes (at least three)?
Comparison task.
In the XIV-XV centuries. the state structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is being formalized, and Moscow firmly holds the lead in the process of unification of Russian lands. Compare the ways in which the formation of the state structure of these lands took place. Indicate what was common (at least two) and what was different (at least three differences).
Tatar-Mongol yoke
Choose the correct answer
Which principality was the first to be attacked by the Mongol hordes in 1237?
1) Vladimirskoye
2) Chernihiv
3) Kiev
The period of Mongol-Tatar rule in Rus' lasted about two and a half centuries, from 1238 to 1480. In this era, Ancient Rus' finally disintegrated, and the formation of the Muscovite state began.
At the beginning of the XIII century. the Mongols, who have long roamed the steppes of Central Asia, are decomposing the tribal system, which is being replaced by early feudal relations. To know gradually accumulates wealth. An important source of enrichment is military booty. A strong state is being formed, headed by Genghis Khan.
The first armed clash between Russian squads and Mongolian troops took place in 1223 on the Kalka River. The combined forces of Russians and Polovtsians opposed the Mongols. Many princes participated in the campaign, except for the strongest at that time, Yuri Vsevolodovich Vladimirsky. However, the lack of a unified command, the ambitions of the Russian princes, inconsistency in the organization of military operations, the betrayal of the Polovtsy during the battle led to the defeat of the Russian squads, led by the Kyiv prince Mstislav Romanovich. Six Russian princes died, every tenth warrior died. Russian princes lost up to 90% of their professional squads. Rus' did not know such a defeat in all the past years of its history. However, the Mongols did not take advantage of this victory to further advance into the territory of Rus' - they turned east and went to the trans-Volga steppes. Thus, the Russian people received a historic chance to unite, to unite their efforts in the face of the impending danger hanging over the country. However, the feudal fragmentation that reigned in Rus', the unwillingness of the princes to sacrifice their interests for the sake of the common ones, prevented unification.
In 1235, at the kurultai (congress) of the Mongol feudal lords, a decision was made to march the Mongols to the West, to Europe. The campaign was led by Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. The total number of Mongolian troops participating in the aggression against Rus' was, according to Arab sources, from 20 to 300 thousand people (according to other estimates, it did not exceed 120-140 thousand people). Northern and Southern Rus' could put together about 100 thousand soldiers, but the Russian principalities almost one by one opposed the united Mongol forces.
The Ryazan principality was the first to be attacked. This happened in 1237. Vladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich did not provide assistance to the people of Ryazan. Despite heroic resistance, the Ryazan land was completely devastated. Then Batu moved to Vladimir, ruined Kolomna and Moscow, took Vladimir. On March 4, 1238, the battle of the main forces of North-Eastern Rus', led by Prince Yuri, with the Mongol-Tatars took place on the City River. In this battle, the Russian army was destroyed, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir was killed, and Batu moved to Novgorod. However, before reaching 100 versts to it, in the area of Torzhok the Mongols turned south. On the way they took Kursk and Kozelsk.
In 1239, hordes of the Mongols invaded the lands of Southern Rus'. They took and burned Pereslavl, Chernigov and other settlements. On December 6, 1240, after stubborn resistance, Kyiv fell. In December - January 1240-1241. almost all the cities of Southern Rus' were captured.
